Dongola

by

Old Dongola

Historical name: Tungul
Modern name: Gaddar

Most interesting finds:

– Fortifications of the citadel
– Sacral architecture, cathedral, churches (several buildings)
– Residential architecture, Palace of King Ioannes, single- and multi-story houses
– Great Monastery of St Anthony
– Wall paintings from the 6th to the 14th century AD
– Pottery workshops
– Monumental representative building (throne hall of the kings of Makuria?), since 1317 functioning as a mosque
– Crypt of Archbishop Georgios with Greek, Coptic and Old Nubian texts on the walls
– Numerous funerary stelae of the Makurian elites made of stone and terracotta

History of research:

Dates of PCMA mission’s work:

1964–

Type of research:
Directors:

– Antoni Ostrasz (1964–1966)
– Stefan Jakobielski (1966–2006)
– Włodzimierz Godlewski (2006–2017)
– Artur Obłuski (2018– )

Co-operating institutions:

– Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw
– National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums
– Nubian Archaeological Development Organization Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP)

Additional information:

The research was subsidized by the Ford Foundation (conservation of wall paintings in House A) and the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project no. 10 (Citadel) and no. 31 (Monastery).

In 2017, Dr. Artur Obłuski received an ERC grant for the project “UMMA: Urban Metamorphosis of the community of a Medieval African capital city”.

In 2018, a DIALOG grant “ArcheoCDN. Archeologiczne Centrum Doskonałości Naukowej / Archaeological Centre of Scientific Excellence” was awarded to the PCMA UW in 2018 by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education; one of the project tasks is implemented in Dongola.

In 2021, “Histories imprinted on floors. Functioning of households in Old Dongola after the fall of Makuria” project received funding from National Science Centre Poland in Preludium 19 programme (no. 2020/37/N/HS3/01400)

In 2022, „Kyriakós oíkos? A diachronic conceptualization of space and function in medieval Nubian churches” project received NCN SONATA BIS 11 grant (no.2021/42/E/HS3/00381), Principal Investigator: Dr. Artur Obłuski.

In 2022, “Emergency Measures to Preserve the Church of Archangel Raphael, Old Dongola, Sudan.” project received a $15,002 “Emergency Relief” grant from the ALIPH Foundation.

In 2022, “Testimonies of cooperative care: Socioeconomic system of the maintenance of the oldest mosque in Sudan” project received funding from Center for Research on Ancient Civilizations of the University of Warsaw (CRAC) in The Small Grant programme.

In 2023, “Life in the Makurian Metropolis: A Bioarchaeological Inquiry into Medieval Old Dongola, Sudan” project received NCN OPUS 23 grant (no. 2022/45/B/HS3/01708), Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert Stark.

In 2023, “Baraka: Revitalization of the Oldest Preserved Sudanese Mosque at Old Dongola” project received funding from the ALIPH Foundation.

In 2023, Assoc. Prof. Artur Obłuski received an ERC Consolidator Grant for his project “Afropolis Tungul: Urban biography of a cosmopolitan African capital”

Description of the site and research:

Dongola lies on the eastern bank of the Nile, halfway between the Third and Fourth Cataracts. It functioned for more than 1200 years, from the erection of the citadel at the end of the 5th century to the abandonment of the city in the 18th century. It was the capital of the kingdom of Makuria, probably founded by one of its first rulers who built here a city with massive fortifications. Palaces and public building were constructed on the citadel. In the middle of the 6th century, with the conversion of the kingdom to Christianity, the city developed further and extended beyond the area of the citadel. It experienced its heyday in the 9th–11th centuries, but an intensive urbanization process lasted till the 14th century.

The site covers almost 200 hectares. The citadel and urban architecture surrounding it were located in the southern part while in the eastern one lay cemeteries from different periods of the city’s functioning, including a complex of domed Muslim tombs. Suburban residences 100–120 m2 big extended in the north. Some of the houses had a second story, e.g., “House A” was furnished with a bathroom with heated water and wall paintings as well as a toilet on the upper floor. Close to this part of the site, a complex of pottery kilns and iron furnaces was discovered. Over a dozen churches were uncovered in Dongola, and there were two monasteries on its peripheries, including the magnificent Monastery of the Holy Trinity (Great Monastery of St Anthony) which stood about 1.5 km from the citadel. Inside were preserved unique wall paintings dated to the 11th–13th century. More than 100 compositions depict, among others, Christ, Mary, the Apostles, scenes from the Old and New Testament, dignitaries. The walls of the crypt of Archbishop Georgios, built at the beginning of the 12th century, are covered with Greek, Coptic and Old Nubian texts.

At the foot of the citadel stood the Cruciform Church, one of the largest sacral buildings in Makuria, and the Church of the Granite Columns which is considered to be a prototype of the Faras Cathedral. To the east of the citadel, a 9th-century monumental representative building, interpreted as the Throne Hall of the kings of Makuria, was preserved to its full height. It was converted into a mosque in 1317; this date is considered the beginning of the Islamic period in Nubia. The royal court left Dongola in 1364. The city became the center of a small kingdom which, however, still maintained active trade relations both with the Far East and Europe.

Other resources about the mission:

Events and press releases:

2023-12 Wall paintings from Old Dongola in Top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2023
2023-04 New discoveries in Old Dongola. Protection for Tungul: new, unique wall paintings discovered in Old Dongola, Sudan
2023-02 Hieroglyphs discovered in Old Dongola, Sudan
2023-02 ERC grant awarded to project researching the Nubian metropolis of Tungul
2023-02 ALIPH Foundation funds new PCMA UW project to revitalize the oldest mosque in Sudan
2023-01 Second ERC grant for Artur Obłuski and the PCMA UW
2023-01 Roof completed over the Church of Archangel Raphael in Old Dongola
2022-12 ALIPH Foundation grant for roofing the Church of Archangel Raphael in Dongola
2022-08 “From Faras to Soba” – new book in Open Access
2022-07 Public’s Choice Award for Artur Obłuski’s project
2022-06 PCMA UW inspires European researchers
2022-07 Workshop on latest results of the ERC-funded UMMA project
2022-05 Archaeo-Oriental Studies Seminar: “Nubian Authorities in Painted Church Decoration”
2022-04 Archaeo-Oriental Studies Seminar: “Old Dongola – bioarchaeological studies”
2022-01 Dongola and Deir el-Bahari: new books in Open Access from Peeters
2021-09 New book – Old Dongola: Continuity and Change
2021-05 Cathedral of Dongola: new discoveries in Sudan
2020-09 Virtual Nubia: visit a medieval monastery on your screen
2020-02 Dongola: archaeologists to train tourist guides
2020-01 Open Day in Dongola: 1000 people visit the site
2019-08 Book on Dongola published in Open Access
2019-06 Workshop: ERC Starting Grant UMMA
2018-12 DIALOG grant for the PCMA, again!
2018-11 Start of fieldwork for the ERC grant “UMMA” project
2017-08 ERC grant for PCMA
2017-06 Evening with Stefan Jakobielski: “Faces of Nubia — for Stefan”
2016-06 Jubilee volume presented to Prof. Włodzimierz Godlewski
2013-07 Voices from the Nile Valley at the 27th Congress of Papyrology

3D reconstructions:

Research results:

Season by season – “PCMA Newsletter”:

Popular publications in Open Access:

Project bibliography:

 

de Lellis-Danys, K. (2024). Ceramics from the North Church in Old Dongola revisited. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 1(XXXIII)

de Lellis-Danys, K. (2024). Transformations in the Socio-Economy of an African City. The Pottery from Old Dongola in the 14th–18th centuries CE. Nubia. Studies in the Archaeology and History of Northeast Africa. Brepols

Nasreldein, M., Riehl, S., Obłuski, A., & Conard, N. J. (2024). The archaeology of pleasure: Evidence for the use of tobacco at Old Dongola in Northern Sudan (16th–19th centuries AD). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 53, 104359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104359

Wyżgoł, M. (2024). Households in Transition: Persistence and Change of Dwellings in the City of Old Dongola (Sudan, 14th–17th Century). African Archaeological Review, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-024-09584-7

Wyżgoł, M., & Woronko, B. (2024). Geochemical analysis of domestic spaces. Studying activity areas in houses at 17th-century Old Dongola, Sudan. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 57, 104599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104599

Woźniak, M. M., Witkowski, B., Gierczak, T., & Biesaga, M. (2023) “First dye identification analyses conducted on textiles from Old Dongola (Sudan, 17th–18th centuries ce)”. Archaeometry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12930

Wyżgoł, M., Deptuła, A. (2023). Assembling a household in the Middle Nile Valley (Old Dongola, Sudan) in the 16th–17th centuries. Journal of Social Archaeology, 0(0). DOI: 10.1177/14696053231170023

Danys, K., & Franczyk, B. (2022). II.6 Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology. In R. David (éd.), Concise Manual for Ceramic Studies (1‑). Africae. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.africae.5740

Obłuski A., Dzierzbicka D. (eds.) (2022). Old Dongola: Development, Heritage, Archaeology. Fieldwork in 2018–2019. Vol. 2: Material Studies (=Polish Publications in Mediterranean Archaeology 6), Leuven–Paris–Bristol: Peeters Publishers DOI 10.2143/9789042948037

Obłuski, A., Herbich, T., & Ryndziewicz, R. (2022). Shedding light on the Sudanese Dark Ages: Geophysical research at Old Dongola, a city‐state of the Funj period (16th–19th centuries). Archaeological Prospection, 29(2), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1850

Fushiya, T. (2021). Dialogue Community Project in Old Dongola (2019–2021). Sudan & Nubia, 25, 95-107.

Fushiya, T. (2021). Teaching collaborative archaeology and heritage management in Sudan. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 2(XXX), 537-554. doi: 10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam30.2.23

Obłuski, A., Dzierzbicka, D., (eds.) (2021). Old Dongola: Development, Heritage, Archaeology. Fieldwork in 2018–2019. 1, (=Polish Publications in Mediterranean Archaeology 1), Leuven–Paris–Bristol: Peeters Publishers (Open Access PDF)

Fushiya, T. (2021). Old Dongola: Continuity and change from the Medieval period to the 21st century/ دنقلاالعجوز: الاستمرارية والتغيرات من فترة العصور الوسطى إلى القرن 21

 

Dzierzbicka, D., & Danys, K. (2021). Radiocarbon Dates from the Monastery on Kom H in Old Dongola (Sudan) and the Chronology of Medieval Nubian Pottery. Radiocarbon, 1-21. DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2021.4

Wyżgoł, M. (2021). Dwelling after Makuria: the organisation and function of space in houses of the Funj period in Old Dongola, Nubia, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, DOI: 10.1080/0067270X.2020.1865665

Woźniak, M. M. (2020). Textile material from Old Dongola: preliminary observations on trade and sartorial practices in the Ottoman period. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 2(XXIX), 739-760. https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam29.2.31

Wyżgoł, M., Deptuła, A. (2020). Living Outside the Wall: the Quarter of Wattle-and-daub Houses in Old Dongola of the Funj Period, Journal of African Archaeology 18, 1–24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20200005

Herbich, T., & Ryndziewicz, R. (2019). Geophysical surveying in Egypt and Sudan: periodical report for 2017–2018. New Global Perspectives on Archaeological Prospection, Archaeopress, Oxford, 169-172. doi: 10.32028/9781789693072

Innemée, K., Zielińska, D., (2018). The King and the Cross, the Iconography of a painting in the Throne-Hall of Dongola, in M. Honegger (ed.), Nubian Archaeology in the XXIst Century. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference for Nubian Studies, Neuchâtel, 1st-6th September 2014, Louvain, Peeters, 615–624

Godlewski, W., (2018). Archaeological and architectural evidence of social change in 13th–17th century Dongola, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 27/1, 617–643

Godlewski, W., Dzierzbicka, D., Łajtar, A. (eds.) (2018). Dongola 2015–2016. Fieldwork, Conservation and Site Management, (=PCMA Excavation Series 5), Warszawa: PCMA UW, WUW

Wyżgoł, M. (2017). A decorated bronze censer from the Cathedral in Old Dongola. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 26/1, 773–786.

Danys, K. (2016). Pottery from Dongola: a stratigraphic assemblage from unit B.I.41. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 25, 761–779.

Calaforra-Rzepka, C., Sosnowska, K., and Moryto-Naumiuk, D. (2015). Conservation work inside the Central Hall in seasons 2009–2012. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 37–42). Warsaw: PCMA UW

Danys, K. (2015). Amphorae from Building SWN.B.I in Dongola. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 117–151). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Dzierzbicka, D. (2015). Amphora stoppers of the 7th century from Old Dongola. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 153–168). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W. (2015). Building SWN.B.V: The Church of Raphael. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 53–64). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W. with appendix by R. Mahler. (2015). Dongola. Seasons in 2012–2013. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 24/1, 325–343.

Godlewski, W. (2015). SWN.B.I.E: Residential quarter of the Funj period (17th century). In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 223–232). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W. (2015). The architecture of the Central Hall. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 15–24). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W. (2015). The fortifications of Dongola and houses to the north of the Citadel. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 183–214). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W. (2015). The southwestern part of Kom H in Dongola: research on the monastic gates and protection work in the cemeteries. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 273–284). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W., Danys, K., and Osypińska, M. (2015). Palatial Building SWN.B.I and earlier relics of Buildings SWN.B.IV and SWN.B.X. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 65–84). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W. and Dzierzbicka, D. (eds). (2015). Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3). Warsaw: PCMA UW

Łajtar, A. (2015). A quotation from Saint Basil’s De jejunio homilia prima 1 in a wall inscription from the Southwest Annex of the Monastery on Kom H in Dongola. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 289–292). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Łajtar, A. (2015). Wall inscriptions in church SWN.B.V on the Citadel of Dongola. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 111–116). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Łajtar, A. (2015). Wall inscriptions in the Southwest Annex to the Monastery on Kom H at Dongola: Report on work in the 2013 season. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 24/1, 344–351.

Mahler, R., Godlewski, W., Danys-Lasek, K., and Czaja, B. (2015). Crypt 3 in the Northwest Annex of the Monastery on Kom H in Dongola: Report on the exploration in 2012. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 24/1, 352–368.

Maślak, S. (2015). Bricks and brick structures in the western part of site SWN on the Citadel. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 85–102). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Maślak, S. (2015). Houses of the Funj period outside the Citadel: materials and structures. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 215–222). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Vantieghem, N. (2015). Documents arabes trouvés à Dongola. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 235–238). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Zielińska, D. (2015). Painted decoration of the Central Hall: preliminary report. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 25–36). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Zielińska, D. (2015). The painted decoration of Building SWN.B.V (Royal Church) on the Citadel: state of research. In W. Godlewski and D. Dzierzbicka (eds), Dongola 2012–2014. Fieldwork, conservation and site management (=PCMA Excavation Series 3) (pp. 103–110). Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Danys-Lasek, K. (2014). Dongola: Pottery from Building B.VI (Site C.01), seasons 2010–2011. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 23/1, 311–321.

Godlewski, W. (2014). Dongola 2010–2011. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 23/1, 265–284.

Łajtar, A. (2014). Dongola 2010: Epigraphic report. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 23/1, 285–295.

Łajtar, A. (2014). Epitaph of Staurosaña (†1057), granddaughter (?) of a king Zakharias, found in Dongola. In A. Lohwasser and P. Wolf (eds), Ein Forscherleben zwischen den Welten. Zum 80. Geburtstag von Steffen Wenig (pp. 221–228). Berlin: Sudanarchäologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin.

Martens-Czarnecka, M. (2014). Nubian representations of Nativity discovered in the Monastery in Old Dongola. In J.R. Anderson and D.A. Welsby (eds), The Fourth Cataract and beyond: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies (=British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 1) (pp. 917–927). Leuven: Peeters.

Obłuski, A. (2014). Excavation at site C.01 on the citadel of Tungul (Old Dongola), Sudan: Preliminary report. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 23/1, 296–310.

Osypińska, M. (2014). Animal husbandry and meat consumption in Makurite Dongola, Sudan. Faunal evidence from the royal residence area, 6th–17th century. Archeologia, 64, 67–81.

Godlewski, W. (2013). Archbishop Georgios of Dongola. Socio-political change in the kingdom of Makuria in the second half of the 11th century. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 22, 663–677.

Godlewski, W. (2013). Dongola: Ancient Tungul. Archaeological guide (=PCMA Archaeological Guides 1). Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw.

Godlewski, W. (2013). Dongola, Sudan: excavations in 2012. Światowit, 10 (51) Fasc. A, 185–192.

Godlewski, W. (2013). Dongola, Sudan: excavations in 2012–2013. Światowit, 11 (52) Fasc. A, 233–240.

Godlewski, W. (2013). The kingdom of Makuria in the 7th century. The struggle for power and survival. In C.J. Robin and J. Schiettecatte (eds), Les préludes de l’Islam : ruptures et continuités dans les civilisations du Proche-Orient, de l’Afrique orientale, de l’Arabie et de l’Inde à la veille de l’Islam (pp. 85–104). Paris: De Boccard.

Godlewski, W. and Łajtar, A. (2013). Dongola. In Voices from the Nile Valley: Polish archaeology between Alexandria and Dongola. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press.

Obłuski, A., Godlewski, W., Kołątaj, W., Medeksza, S., and Calaforra-Rzepka, C. (2013). The Mosque Building in Dongola. Conservation and revitalization project. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 22, 248–272.

Osypińska, M. (2013). Archaeozoological research on animal remains from excavations in Dongola (Sudan) in 2010. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 22, 229–247.

Then-Obluska, J. (2013). Medieval transcultural medium: beads and pendants from Makurian and post – Makurian Dongola in Nubia, Preliminary assessment. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 22, 679–720.

Danys-Lasek, K. (2012). Dongola 2009: Pottery from Building I (Kom A). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 21, 315–329.

Godlewski, W. with appendix by C. Calaforra-Rzepka (2012). Dongola 2008–2009. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 21, 289–314.

Godlewski, W. (2012). Washtub from the Palace of Ioannes in Dongola. Études et Travaux, 25, 119–125.

Godlewski, W., Mahler, R., and Czaja-Szewczak, B. (2012). Crypts 1 and 2 in the Northwest Annex of the Monastery on Kom H in Dongola: Report on the exploration in 2009. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 21, 338–360.

Łajtar, A. and van der Vliet, J. (2012). Wall inscriptions in a burial vault under the Northwest Annex of the Monastery on Kom H (Dongola 2009). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 21, 330–337.

Danys-Lasek, K. and Łajtar, A. (2011). An amphora with a Graeco-Nubian inscription found at Dongola. In A. Łajtar and J. van der Vliet (eds), Nubian voices: Studies in Christian Nubian culture (=Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement 15) (pp. 37–94). Warsaw: Journal of Juristic Papyrology.

Godlewski, W. (2011). Mosaic floor from the sanctuary of the EC.II cathedral in Dongola. In H. Meyza and I. Zych (eds), Classica orientalia: Essays presented to Wiktor Andrzej Daszewski on his 75th birthday (pp. 193–198). Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archeology, University of Warsaw; Wydawnictwo DiG.

Jakobielski, S. and van der Vliet, J. (2011). From Aswan to Dongola: The epitaph of bishop Joseph (died AD 668). In A. Łajtar and J. van der Vliet (eds), Nubian voices: Studies in Christian Nubian culture (=Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement 15) (pp. 15–35). Warsaw: Journal of Juristic Papyrology.

Lichocka, B. (2011). The 12 Nummia coin from Old Dongola. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 20, 245–249.

Łajtar, A. (2011). New finds of Greek epitaphs at Dongola. In A. Łajtar and J. van der Vliet (eds), Nubian voices: Studies in Christian Nubian culture (=Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement 15) (pp. 37–94). Warsaw: Journal of Juristic Papyrology.

Martens-Czarnecka, M. (2011). The wall paintings from the Monastery on Kom H in Dongola (=Nubia 3; Dongola 3; PAM Monograph Series 3). Warsaw: PCMA, Warsaw University Press.

Gazda, D. (2010). Excavations at the Monastery Church on Kom H at Old Dongola 2002/2003–2006. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports, 6, 41–60.

Godlewski, W. (2010). Dongola after the 2008–2010 seasons: Royalty, saints and blessed bishops. Sudan & Nubia, 14, 75–82.

Godlewski, W. (2010). Old Dongola. Kom A (Citadel), 2007. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 19, 313–326.

Godlewski, W. and Kociankowska-Bożek, J. (2010). Early Makuria Research Project. Season 2007. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 19, 494–499.

Jakobielski, S. (2010). The Holy Trinity Monastery in Old Dongola. Excavations 2002/2003–2006. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports, 6, 69–90.

Martens-Czarnecka, M. (2010). New iconographical elements in Old Dongola painting. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports, 6, 119–124.

Martens-Czarnecka, M. (2010). Two unique paintings in the monastery on Kom H in Old Dongola. In W W. Godlewski and A. Łajtar (eds), Between the cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August – 2 September 2006, II.2. Session papers (=PAM Supplement Series 2.2/2) (pp. 705–712). Warsaw: Warsaw University Press.

Pluskota, K. (2010). The pottery from Old Dongola – selected questions. In W. Godlewski and A. Łajtar (eds), Between the cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August – 2 September 2006, II.1. Session papers (=PAM Supplement Series 2.2/1) (pp. 255–262). Warsaw: Warsaw University Press.

Zielińska, D. (2010). Edifice without parallel: Cruciform Building on the Old Dongola citadel. In W. Godlewski and A. Łajtar (eds), Between the cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August – 2 September 2006, II.2. Session papers (=PAM Supplement Series 2.2/2) (pp. 695–703). Warsaw: Warsaw University Press.

Bagińska, D. (2008). Christian pottery from Old Dongola (Kom H). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 18, 361–375.

Gazda, D. (2008). The Monastery Church on Kom H in Old Dongola after two seasons of excavations in 2006. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 18, 349–360.

Jakobielski, S. (2008). The Holy Trinity Monastery in Old Dongola. In W. Godlewski and A. Łajtar (eds), Between the cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August – 2 September 2006, I. Main papers (=PAM Supplement Series 2.1) (pp. 283–302). Warsaw: Warsaw University Press.

Jakobielski, S. and Martens-Czarnecka, M. (2008). Old Dongola. Fieldwork, seasons 2005/2006 and 2006. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 18, 325–342. Appendix 1: Moryto-Naumiuk, D., Old Dongola 2006: conservation report, 343–345. Appendix 2: Gazda, D.,  Exploration of Kom J in Old Dongola (2002 and 2006), 346–348.

Martens-Czarnecka, M. (2008). A scene of ritual dance (Old Dongola – Sudan). Études et Travaux, 22, 115–125.

Osypińska, M. (2008). Faunal remains from the monastery in Old Dongola (Kom H). Season 2006. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 18, 376–384.

Godlewski, W. (2007). King Qalidurut’s Dongola: Arabic sources and archaeology. In B. Gratien (ed.), Mélanges offerts à Francis Geus (pp. 131–140). Villeneuve-d’Ascq: Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille 3.

Godlewski, W. (2007). Old Dongola. Kom A (Acropolis), 2005. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 17, 287–299.

Godlewski, W. (2006). Dongola: City of kings and bishops. Warsaw: PCMA UW.

Godlewski, W. (2006). The churches of Dongola, their origin and importance in the general line of development of church architecture in Makuria. In I. Caneva and A. Roccati (eds), Acta Nubica: Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian studies, Rome, 9–14 September 2002 (pp. 263–286). Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato.

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Godlewski, W. (1982). Some comments on the wall painting of Christ from Old Dongola. In J.M. Plumley (ed.), Nubian studies: Proceedings of the Symposium for Nubian Studies, Selwyn College, Cambridge, 1978 (pp. 95–99). Warminster: Aris & Phillips.

Godlewski, W. (1982). The mosque building in Old Dongola. In P. van Moorsel (ed.), New discoveries in Nubia: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Nubian studies, the Hague, 1979 (=Egyptologische uitgaven 2) (pp. 21–28). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Godlewski, W. (1982). The Throne Hall in Old Dongola (Sudan). Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 32, 569–574.

Jakobielski, S. (1982). A brief account on the churches at Old Dongola. In P. van Moorsel (ed.), New discoveries in Nubia: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Nubian studies, the Hague, 1979 (=Egyptologische uitgaven 2). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Jakobielski, S. (1982). A rock-cut tomb in el-Ghaddar. In N.B. Millet and A.L. Kelley (eds), Meroitic studies: Proceedings of the Third International Meroitic Conference, Toronto, 1977 (=Meroitica 6) (pp. 175–177). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Jakobielski, S. (1982). Polish excavations at Old Dongola in 1976 and 1978. In J.M. Plumley (ed.), Nubian studies: Proceedings of the Symposium for Nubian Studies, Selwyn College, Cambridge, 1978 (pp. 116–126). Warminster: Aris & Phillips.

Promińska, E. (1982). Changements pathologiques des squelettes découverts dans les églises de Dongola. In P. van Moorsel (ed.), New discoveries in Nubia: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Nubian studies, the Hague, 1979 (pp. 111–112). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Godlewski, W. (1981). Throne Hall at Old Dongola (the Sudan). Africana Bulletin, 30, 39–51.

Jakobielski, S. and Godlewski, W. (1981). Od Faras do Dongoli (From Faras to Dongola). Meander, 36(6), 351–355.

Gartkiewicz, P.M. (1980). New outline of the history of Nubian church architecture. Bulletin Antieke Beschaving, 55(1), 137–160.

Promińska, E. (1980). Changements pathologiques des squelettes découverts dans les églises de Dongola. Antropologia Contemporanea, 3, 153–156.

Godlewski, W. (1979). Le baptistère de l’église au dallage de pierre à Dongola. Études et Travaux, 11, 139–150.

Godlewski, W. (1979). Les baptistères nubiens (=Faras 6). Warsaw: Éditions scientifiques de Pologne.

Jakobielski, S. (1979). Dongola 1976. Études et Travaux, 11, 229–244.

Promińska, E. (1979). Human skeletal remains from the Church of the Granite Columns and the Cruciform Church at Old Dongola. Études et Travaux, 11, 151–178.

Dzierżykray-Rogalski, T. and Promińska, E. (1978). Tombeaux de deux dignitaires chrétiens dans l’eglise cruciforme de Dongola. In Études nubiennes: colloque de Chantilly, 2–6 juillet 1975 (pp. 91–94). Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Godlewski, W. (1978). Le baptistère de la Vieille Eglise à Dongola. Études et Travaux, 10, 363–374.

Jakobielski, S. (1978). Dongola 1974. Études et Travaux, 10, 407–416.

Jakobielski, S. (1978). Polish excavations at Old Dongola, 1973 and 1974 seasons. In Études nubiennes: colloque de Chantilly, 2–6 juillet 1975 (pp. 129–140). Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Promińska, E. (1978). Les ossements des tombes des églises de Dongola. In Études nubiennes: colloque de Chantilly, 2–6 juillet 1975 (pp. 243–246). Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Promińska, E. (1976). Badania antropologiczne w Starej Dongoli (Sudan) (Anthropological investigations in Old Dongola (Sudan)). In A. Malinowski (ed.), Badania populacji ludzkich na materiałach współczesnych i historycznych: materiały z naukowej sesji antropologicznej w dniu 17 X 1975 (pp. 179–182). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza.

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Zagrodzki, T. (1975). Principes mathématiques du plan des deux églises découvertes en 1968, 1971 et 1972 à Dongola. Études et Travaux, 8, 301–313.

Gartkiewicz, P.M. (1973). Stary kościół w Dongoli na tle sakralnej architektury wczesnośredniowiecznej Nubii (The Old Church in Dongola against the background of sacral architecture in early medieval Nubia). Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki: Teoria i Historia, 18(3/4), 207–239.

Godlewski, W. (1973). Dongola – stolica chrześcijańskiej Nubii (Dongola – the capital of Christian Nubia). Z Otchłani Wieków, 39(4), 296–303.

Martens, M. (1973). Dongola. Études et Travaux, 7, 263–268.

Szolc, P. (1973). Polnische Ausgrabungen in Alt-Dongola im Jahre 1972. Ein Überblick. Archäologischer Anzeiger, 1, 138–142.

Kołodziejczyk, K. (1971). A tabernacle from Dongola. Études et Travaux, 5, 244–246.

Jakobielski, S. (1970). Polish excavations at Old Dongola, 1969. In E. Dinkler (ed.), Kunst und Geschichte Nubiens in christlicher Zeit: Ergebnisse und Probleme auf Grund der jüngsten Ausgrabungen (pp. 171–180). Recklinghausen: A. Bongers.

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Godlewski, W. and Medeksza, S. (1987). The so-called Mosque Building in Old Dongola (Sudan). A structural analysis. Archéologie du Nil Moyen, 2, 185–205.

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Godlewski, W. (1985). Some remarks on the Cruciform Church in Old Dongola (Sudan). Nubian Letters, 4, 20–22.

Godlewski, W. (1984). Polskie badania archeologiczne w Starej Dongoli (Sudan) w latach 1981–1982 (Polish excavations at Old Dongola (Sudan) in 1981–1982). Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie, 28, 465–484.

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Jakobielski, S. (1983). Dongola. In Encyklopedia katolicka IV (pp. 114–115). Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.

Gartkiewicz, P.M. (1982). An introduction to the history of Nubian church architecture. Nubia Christiana, 1, 43–133.

Godlewski, W. (1982). Some comments on the wall painting of Christ from Old Dongola. In J.M. Plumley (ed.), Nubian studies: Proceedings of the Symposium for Nubian Studies, Selwyn College, Cambridge, 1978 (pp. 95–99). Warminster: Aris & Phillips.

Godlewski, W. (1982). The mosque building in Old Dongola. In P. van Moorsel (ed.), New discoveries in Nubia: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Nubian studies, the Hague, 1979 (=Egyptologische uitgaven 2) (pp. 21–28). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Godlewski, W. (1982). The Throne Hall in Old Dongola (Sudan). Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 32, 569–574.

Jakobielski, S. (1982). A brief account on the churches at Old Dongola. In P. van Moorsel (ed.), New discoveries in Nubia: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Nubian studies, the Hague, 1979 (=Egyptologische uitgaven 2). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Jakobielski, S. (1982). A rock-cut tomb in el-Ghaddar. In N.B. Millet and A.L. Kelley (eds), Meroitic studies: Proceedings of the Third International Meroitic Conference, Toronto, 1977 (=Meroitica 6) (pp. 175–177). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Jakobielski, S. (1982). Polish excavations at Old Dongola in 1976 and 1978. In J.M. Plumley (ed.), Nubian studies: Proceedings of the Symposium for Nubian Studies, Selwyn College, Cambridge, 1978 (pp. 116–126). Warminster: Aris & Phillips.

Promińska, E. (1982). Changements pathologiques des squelettes découverts dans les églises de Dongola. In P. van Moorsel (ed.), New discoveries in Nubia: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Nubian studies, the Hague, 1979 (pp. 111–112). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Godlewski, W. (1981). Throne Hall at Old Dongola (the Sudan). Africana Bulletin, 30, 39–51.

Jakobielski, S. and Godlewski, W. (1981). Od Faras do Dongoli (From Faras to Dongola). Meander, 36(6), 351–355.

Gartkiewicz, P.M. (1980). New outline of the history of Nubian church architecture. Bulletin Antieke Beschaving, 55(1), 137–160.

Promińska, E. (1980). Changements pathologiques des squelettes découverts dans les églises de Dongola. Antropologia Contemporanea, 3, 153–156.

Godlewski, W. (1979). Le baptistère de l’église au dallage de pierre à Dongola. Études et Travaux, 11, 139–150.

Godlewski, W. (1979). Les baptistères nubiens (=Faras 6). Warsaw: Éditions scientifiques de Pologne.

Jakobielski, S. (1979). Dongola 1976. Études et Travaux, 11, 229–244.

Promińska, E. (1979). Human skeletal remains from the Church of the Granite Columns and the Cruciform Church at Old Dongola. Études et Travaux, 11, 151–178.

Dzierżykray-Rogalski, T. and Promińska, E. (1978). Tombeaux de deux dignitaires chrétiens dans l’eglise cruciforme de Dongola. In Études nubiennes: colloque de Chantilly, 2–6 juillet 1975 (pp. 91–94). Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Godlewski, W. (1978). Le baptistère de la Vieille Eglise à Dongola. Études et Travaux, 10, 363–374.

Jakobielski, S. (1978). Dongola 1974. Études et Travaux, 10, 407–416.

Jakobielski, S. (1978). Polish excavations at Old Dongola, 1973 and 1974 seasons. In Études nubiennes: colloque de Chantilly, 2–6 juillet 1975 (pp. 129–140). Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Promińska, E. (1978). Les ossements des tombes des églises de Dongola. In Études nubiennes: colloque de Chantilly, 2–6 juillet 1975 (pp. 243–246). Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Promińska, E. (1976). Badania antropologiczne w Starej Dongoli (Sudan) (Anthropological investigations in Old Dongola (Sudan)). In A. Malinowski (ed.), Badania populacji ludzkich na materiałach współczesnych i historycznych: materiały z naukowej sesji antropologicznej w dniu 17 X 1975 (pp. 179–182). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza.

Dzierżykray-Rogalski, T. and Jakobielski, S. (1975). La tombe de l’Eparque Yoannès dans l’Église à Colonnes en Granit de Dongola (Soudan). In K. Michałowski (ed.), Nubia: récentes recherches. Actes du Colloque nubiologique international au Musée national de Varsovie 19–22 Juin 1972 (pp. 44–48). Warsaw: National Museum in Warsaw.

Gartkiewicz, P.M. (1975). The central plan in Nubian church architecture. In K. Michałowski (ed.), Nubia: récentes recherches. Actes du Colloque nubiologique international au Musée national de Varsovie 19–22 Juin 1972 (pp. 49–64). Warsaw: National Museum in Warsaw.

Jakobielski, S. (1975). Polish excavations at Old Dongola, 1970–1972. In K. Michałowski (ed.), Nubia: récentes recherches. Actes du Colloque nubiologique international au Musée national de Varsovie 19–22 Juin 1972 (pp. 70–75). Warsaw: National Museum in Warsaw.

Kołodziejczyk, K. (1975). Remarks on the stamped Dongola ware from Faras. Études et Travaux, 8, 315–321.

Zagrodzki, T. (1975). Principes mathématiques du plan des deux églises découvertes en 1968, 1971 et 1972 à Dongola. Études et Travaux, 8, 301–313.

Gartkiewicz, P.M. (1973). Stary kościół w Dongoli na tle sakralnej architektury wczesnośredniowiecznej Nubii (The Old Church in Dongola against the background of sacral architecture in early medieval Nubia). Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki: Teoria i Historia, 18(3/4), 207–239.

Godlewski, W. (1973). Dongola – stolica chrześcijańskiej Nubii (Dongola – the capital of Christian Nubia). Z Otchłani Wieków, 39(4), 296–303.

Martens, M. (1973). Dongola. Études et Travaux, 7, 263–268.

Szolc, P. (1973). Polnische Ausgrabungen in Alt-Dongola im Jahre 1972. Ein Überblick. Archäologischer Anzeiger, 1, 138–142.

Kołodziejczyk, K. (1971). A tabernacle from Dongola. Études et Travaux, 5, 244–246.

Jakobielski, S. (1970). Polish excavations at Old Dongola, 1969. In E. Dinkler (ed.), Kunst und Geschichte Nubiens in christlicher Zeit: Ergebnisse und Probleme auf Grund der jüngsten Ausgrabungen (pp. 171–180). Recklinghausen: A. Bongers.

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